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  • #46
    Possible curent Oxford Nanopore DNA sequencing implementation.

    I remember reading somewhere (2-3 month ago), that there were two main types of the nanopores in their's R&D -
    1. Protein nanopore fused with Exonuclease, and the nucleotides are first cleaved away by the exonuclease, than they flow through the pore, and the change in the current flowing through it is detected. Difference in the ion charge is then analysed and is used for basecalling.
    2. Purely solid state nanopores - not much details on those - whether they are chopping the DNA up (as in 1, or threading it through)?

    From our current error profile report it confirms 1, that the deletions are caused by the bases, that had "run away" from the pore.
    I think going for the low temperatures enzymes may reduce the noise caused by the molecular motion, but then the secondary structures may became even bigger issue. (any reaction conditions reports)?

    PS: near the end of the run you should see the increase in the insertions (caused by the saturation of the run-away bases, being finally dragged in by the electric current).

    PPS:
    Fortunately it doesn't have the fundamental flaw of the current pacbio implementation, there the presence of the base in the active centre doesn't 99% warranty it's incorporation (it does in ~87% cases :-).

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    • #47
      Originally posted by Markiyan View Post
      I remember reading somewhere (2-3 month ago), that there were two main types of the nanopores in their's R&D -
      1. Protein nanopore fused with Exonuclease, and the nucleotides are first cleaved away by the exonuclease, than they flow through the pore, and the change in the current flowing through it is detected. Difference in the ion charge is then analysed and is used for basecalling.
      2. Purely solid state nanopores - not much details on those - whether they are chopping the DNA up (as in 1, or threading it through)?

      From our current error profile report it confirms 1, that the deletions are caused by the bases, that had "run away" from the pore.
      If you read their website, you might notice it's actually (2) that they're marketing (I might as well link to it once again). The exonuclease is being done in something approximating a partnership with Illumina:



      • "Strand sequencing" is a technique that passes intact DNA polymers through a protein nanopore, sequencing in real time as the DNA translocates the pore. Oxford Nanopore intends to commercialise this technology independently within 2012.
      • "Exonuclease sequencing" is a technique that passes individual nucleotides through a protein nanopore, aided by a processive exonuclease enzyme. Oxford Nanopore signed a commercialisation agreement with Illumina for this technology however commercialisation timelines have not been disclosed.
      Of course, it's not quite "pure" solid state. They manufacture the membranes, and a solution of nanopores (created from bioreactors) is added in just before the run is started. The pure solid-state stuff may come in the future when things like graphene nanopores are worked out.
      Last edited by gringer; 02-28-2012, 02:34 PM.

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      • #48
        Originally posted by gringer View Post
        As long as you have money and monkeys, you can sequence as many bananas as you want. With the "release date" 2000-pore GridION, a 20-node system should do a human genome in an hour (you'd need to split the sample into 20 for this), or a 5-node system in 4 hours:

        Sorry, this page has been moved or deleted Are you looking for any of the following? Pu


        I guess that's assuming 5-20x coverage for the human genome, depending on how you interpret "tens of gigabases", and also suggests a genome should be possible in one day on a single node with reasonable coverage.

        With 20 MinIONs, it would take about 4 hours assuming similar processing speed.
        Splitting the sample across 20 different cartridges to reduce the time of an automated process is all well and good. But it's not very practical. I am yet to find a lab where the budget is not the most limiting factor for what can be done. With a limited budget, the output of a single cartridge is very important.

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        • #49
          If money is the limiting factor, rather than time, then carrying out sequencing using a single cartridge is possible, it will just take longer. A single MinION probably won't (yet) produce enough sequence in a 40h run, but two or three might be enough.

          Then again, if money is the sole factor of consideration, neither Oxford Nanopore nor Pacific Biosciences will be an appropriate solution.

          Comment


          • #50
            Originally posted by gringer View Post
            If money is the limiting factor, rather than time, then carrying out sequencing using a single cartridge is possible, it will just take longer. A single MinION probably won't (yet) produce enough sequence in a 40h run, but two or three might be enough.

            Then again, if money is the sole factor of consideration, neither Oxford Nanopore nor Pacific Biosciences will be an appropriate solution.
            Nothing is ever the sole factor of consideration. And in my experience, money is ALWAYS a limiting factor, as usual it is a trade off. Pac Bio and hopefully Oxford Nanopore have a huge advantage in de novo assembly. Assemblies from just Illumina data can be insanely fragmented, the rubber tree genome for example consists of 1.2 million contigs. That is what could be done at the time for a reasonable cost and time expense, maybe when the gridION (hopefully at this point it is a case of when and not if) is released, more complete genomes will be obtainable for reasonable costs.

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            • #51
              A coverage of 30X is not necessary to reduce 1.5M contigs down to something much more manageable -- a single MinION run, even at less than 1X coverage, will be more than a bit useful for cleaning up an assembly like that.

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              • #52
                There is now a [pre]-publication out, authored by Nicholas J. Loman and
                Aaron R. Quinlan, that introduces a toolkit for working with nanopore data:



                If you squint really hard at figure 1 (or zoom in lots), you can see the read length graph and a graph of cumulative output over time (see attached figure). It shows a median read length of about 8kbp, maximum read length of over 30kbp, with just under 300 Mbp generated in about 28 hours.

                There's also another alternative R toolkit from Mick Watson's lab that has been released with a slightly different method of dealing with the data:

                Motivation The Oxford Nanopore MinION device represents a unique sequencing technology. As a mobile sequencing device powered by the USB port of a laptop, the MinION has huge potential applications. To enable these applications, the bioinformatics community will need to design and build a suite of tools specifically for MinION data. Results Here we present poRe, a package for the statistical software R that enables users to manipulate, organize, summarise and visualize MinION nanopore sequencing data. As a packge for R, poRe has been tested on both Windows and Linux. Crucially, the Windows version allows users to analyse MinION data on the Windows laptop attached to the device Availability Pre-built R packages for Windows and Linux are available under a BSD license at Contact mick.watson{at}roslin.ed.ac.uk
                Attached Files

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